More than 70% of emerging infectious diseases originate in animals. In this context, examine the significance of the One Health approach in addressing zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and climate-linked health risks in India.

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Introduction

With over 70% of emerging infectious diseases being zoonotic, fragmented sectoral responses are inadequate. The One Health approach—integrating human, animal, and environmental health—is critical for India’s complex risk landscape.

Significance in Addressing Zoonotic Diseases

Early Detection and Surveillance: Integrated monitoring across wildlife, livestock, and humans enables timely identification of outbreaks (e.g., Nipah, avian influenza).
Breaking Transmission Chains: Coordinated action on animal vaccination, biosecurity, and human health interventions reduces spillover risks.
Inter-sectoral Coordination: Aligns ministries (Health, Animal Husbandry, Environment) for unified response.

Role in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

Rational Antibiotic Use: Addresses misuse in both human healthcare and livestock sector.
Surveillance Systems: Tracks resistance patterns across sectors for informed policymaking.
Regulation of Veterinary Practices: Limits non-therapeutic antibiotic use in agriculture and aquaculture.

Addressing Climate-linked Health Risks

Ecosystem Monitoring: Tracks how climate change alters vector ecology and disease patterns (e.g., malaria, dengue expansion).
Disaster Preparedness: Integrates health planning with climate adaptation strategies.
Biodiversity Conservation: Reduces human-wildlife conflict and pathogen spillover.

Challenges in Implementation

Institutional Fragmentation: Weak coordination among multiple agencies and levels of government.
Data Silos: Lack of integrated databases and real-time information sharing.
Capacity Constraints: Shortage of trained workforce in veterinary and environmental health.
Funding and Governance Gaps: Limited dedicated resources and unclear accountability.

Way Forward

Operationalising One Health Framework: Strengthen India’s National One Health Mission with clear mandates.
Integrated Surveillance Platforms: Develop unified digital systems for cross-sector data sharing.
Capacity Building: Train professionals in interdisciplinary approaches.
Community Engagement: Promote awareness on hygiene, animal handling, and antibiotic use.
Global Collaboration: Align with WHO, FAO, and OIE frameworks.

Conclusion

The One Health approach offers a holistic and preventive pathway to tackle zoonoses, AMR, and climate-linked risks, making it indispensable for resilient public health systems in India.

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