Climate change is increasingly challenging the traditional Westphalian concepts of territory and sovereignty. In this context, discuss the tension between 'Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources' (PSNR) and the proposed Fossil-Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty, especially for developing economies.

Question

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Introduction

• Climate change has intensified debates around traditional Westphalian principles of sovereignty and territorial control. • The concept of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR) gives states the right to exploit their natural resources, while emerging global initiatives like the Fossil-Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty (FFNPT) seek to restrict fossil fuel expansion to address climate change.

Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR)

• PSNR, recognised in UN General Assembly Resolution 1803 (1962), affirms the right of states to control and utilise their natural resources for national development.

• For many developing economies, fossil fuels remain crucial for economic growth, industrialisation and energy security.

• Countries argue that restricting resource use could undermine their developmental priorities and poverty alleviation efforts.

• PSNR is therefore closely linked to economic sovereignty and national policy autonomy.

Fossil-Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty (FFNPT)

• The proposed treaty aims to halt new fossil fuel exploration, phase out existing production and promote a just transition to renewable energy.

• It draws inspiration from global non-proliferation regimes, such as those addressing nuclear weapons.

• Supporters argue that limiting fossil fuel expansion is necessary to meet the Paris Agreement targets and prevent catastrophic climate impacts.

• The initiative also emphasises financial support and technology transfer to help countries transition to cleaner energy.

Tensions for Developing Economies

• Developing countries fear that restrictions may limit their sovereign right to utilise natural resources, conflicting with the PSNR principle.

• There are concerns about historical responsibility, as developed nations contributed most to global emissions but now advocate strict limits.

• Insufficient climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building deepen the equity and justice debate.

• The challenge lies in balancing global climate commitments with developmental needs and energy access.

Conclusion

• The tension between PSNR and the FFNPT reflects the broader conflict between state sovereignty and global environmental governance.

• Addressing this challenge requires equitable climate frameworks, adequate financial support and a just energy transition that respects the development aspirations of the Global South. 🌍

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