Critically examine the regulatory framework and enforcement mechanisms governing firework and other hazardous industries in India. In light of recent accidents, discuss the impact of non-compliance and suggest measures to strengthen safety standards and accountability.

Question

PocketIAS · Accepted Answer

Introduction

Fireworks and other hazardous industries such as chemicals and explosives are governed by a multi-layered regulatory framework in India. However, recurring industrial accidents expose serious gaps in enforcement, compliance, and accountability.

Regulatory Framework

Explosives Act, 1884 and Explosives Rules, 2008 – regulate manufacture, storage, transport, and sale of fireworks under the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO).
Factories Act, 1948 (now subsumed under the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020) – prescribes workplace safety standards.
Environment Protection Act, 1986 – addresses pollution and hazardous waste.
State-level licensing and inspection mechanisms – oversee compliance and issue operational permits.

Despite a robust legal architecture, enforcement is fragmented across multiple agencies with overlapping jurisdiction.

Impact of Non-Compliance

Frequent accidents due to illegal units, overcrowded workspaces, and storage beyond permissible limits.
Casualties among poorly trained, often informal workers.
Environmental degradation and community risk.
Erosion of public trust and reputational damage to legitimate manufacturers.

Recent firecracker factory explosions highlight violations such as subcontracting without license, poor adherence to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and lax inspections.

Challenges in Enforcement

Inadequate inspections and manpower shortages.
Corruption and local-level collusion.
Informalisation of labour and contract-based operations.
Weak deterrence due to low penalties and delayed prosecution.

Measures to Strengthen Safety and Accountability

Digitised licensing and real-time inventory tracking.
Mandatory third-party safety audits and surprise inspections.
Stricter criminal liability and higher penalties for violations.
Worker training, certification, and social security coverage.
Community monitoring and whistle-blower protection.

Conclusion

While India’s regulatory framework is comprehensive, enforcement deficits undermine safety outcomes. Strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring strict accountability, and fostering a culture of compliance are essential to prevent recurring tragedies in hazardous industries.

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