Developing nations cannot be held to the same energy transition timelines as industrialised countries that built their prosperity on fossil fuels. Examine the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities in the context of India's energy transition dilemma.

Question

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Introduction:

The principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), enshrined in the UNFCCC (1992), acknowledges that while all states must address climate change, developed countries bear a greater obligation due to historical emissions and higher capabilities.

Body:

For India, CBDR is central to balancing developmental needs with climate commitments. With low per capita emissions (≈2 tCO₂ vs ~12–15 in developed countries) and significant energy poverty, India argues for policy space to expand energy access and industrialisation. Its updated NDC—targeting ~60% non-fossil capacity by 2035 and reducing emissions intensity—reflects a calibrated approach. However, developed countries often push for uniform timelines (e.g., net-zero by mid-century), overlooking historical responsibility and the carbon space already consumed. Mechanisms like climate finance ($100 billion/year commitment) and technology transfer, meant to operationalise CBDR, have seen inadequate delivery, constraining developing countries’ transitions.

At the same time, India faces a domestic dilemma: rapid renewable expansion coexists with continued coal dependence to ensure energy security and manage demand peaks. Premature fossil fuel phase-out could risk growth and poverty alleviation, yet delayed transition increases climate vulnerability and future adjustment costs. Thus, CBDR is not a shield for inaction but a framework for equitable transition—demanding both domestic responsibility and global support.

Conclusion:

India must pursue a pragmatic path—accelerating renewables and efficiency while advocating stronger climate finance and technology access—so that CBDR evolves from a principle of differentiation to one of genuine climate justice and cooperative action.

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