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Science & Technology

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Questions

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India's rising defence exports reflect both its growing manufacturing capability and its evolving strategic posture. Critically examine the drivers, limitations, and long-term policy imperatives for India to emerge as a major global defence supplier.

Discuss the technological advancements demonstrated by Artemis II and their potential impact on future space missions. How essential is innovation in maintaining leadership in the space race?

The renewed race to establish permanent lunar infrastructure raises fundamental questions about the governance of outer space as a global commons. Examine the limitations of the existing international legal framework for outer space and analyse India's strategic options in the context of the Artemis Accords and its own lunar ambitions.

The renewed race to the moon between the United States and China is driven as much by geopolitical rivalry as by scientific aspiration. Examine the strategic significance of lunar resources, particularly water ice, and analyse the implications of this space competition for global governance of outer space and for India's space policy.

The tragedy of the commons is no longer limited to Earth — space debris threatens to make orbital space a shared burden rather than a shared resource. Discuss.

Increasing satellite launches and uncontrolled re-entries of space debris pose a growing threat to Earth's upper atmosphere and ozone layer. Examine the environmental concerns associated with space debris re-entry and the need for stronger international space governance.

India's procurement of the S-400 air defence system demonstrates the tensions between strategic autonomy and alliance obligations in contemporary international relations. Examine & evaluate the role of military technology in national security.

Examine the structural challenges in India's defence-industrial base and suggest measures to bridge the military capability gap with China along the Himalayan frontier.

If the Big Bang produced equal quantities of matter and antimatter, the observable universe should not exist. Examine the scientific explanations proposed for matter-antimatter asymmetry and the role of precision experiments in advancing our understanding of fundamental physical symmetries.

The matter-antimatter asymmetry problem remains one of the most profound unsolved questions in modern physics. Explain what this asymmetry is, why it matters for our understanding of the universe's origin, and how experiments like CERN's antimatter transportation advance its resolution

Animal models have proven unreliable for testing biologics, yet non-animal methodologies remain underutilised in India's pharmaceutical sector. In light of this, critically examine the opportunities and challenges in integrating Non-Animal Methodologies (NAMs) into India's biologics and biosimilars ecosystem, with reference to the Biopharma SHAKTI strategy.

Evaluate the significance of indigenous technology in India’s space programs, particularly in the context of ISRO’s transition to local atomic clocks for NavIC. How does this reflect on India’s capabilities in space technology?

Critically analyze the concept of evergreening in the context of Section 3(d) of the Patents Act. What challenges does it pose for innovation and public health in India?

India’s innovation ecosystem is witnessing increasing policy support and rising patent filings, yet structural weaknesses continue to limit its global technological influence. Examine the challenges in India’s Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) ecosystem. Discuss the role of private sector participation in strengthening India’s innovation capacity.

Evaluate the current state of India's research and innovation landscape. What systemic changes are necessary to enhance private sector participation in R&D initiatives?

Discuss the implications of Artificial Intelligence for national security and modern warfare.

Examine the need for transforming India’s military into a multi-domain force in the context of evolving security challenges.

Evaluate the role of technology governance in enhancing India's geopolitical standing. How does algorithmic sovereignty contribute to India's strategic interests in the Global South?

The emergence of semiconductor hubs like Sanand, Gujarat, signifies a shift in India’s industrial strategy from consumer to producer. Critically analyze the strategic importance of this transformation and discuss the infrastructure and logistical challenges that must be addressed to sustain a competitive semiconductor ecosystem in India.

Evaluate the current state of India's semiconductor manufacturing capabilities. What are the critical gaps that need to be addressed for India to become a global player in semiconductor technology?

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